Philosophers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scholars - Term Paper Example The idea of the cavern consequently implies that individuals who put stock in experimental information are restricted in a cavern of numbness. In Plato’s supposition, the shadows exemplify people’s observation that exact proof is the primary wellspring of information. This is to mean, what we see doesn't speak to reality it is just a sorry excuse for it. The round of foreseeing objects grandstands how individuals accept that the individuals who forces experimental information are shrewd or experts. In all actuality, these bosses don't have a clue about any fact. The got away from detainee represents logicians who breakaway from the shackles of numbness and look for more understanding about existence. At the point when the illuminated detainee returns to share the information he has obtained, different detainees take steps to murder him in the event that he attempts to liberate them from their shackles. This hypothesis sums up what reasoning is about and is a reality that ought to be typified by all thinkers. A great many people dread knowing reality and most would save information to their essential detects. Be that as it may, profound and basic reasoning is the main method of picking up reality. It is important that we can't depend on what we hear and see as the fundamental wellspring of information or truth. This is on the grounds that how we see and view things contrast starting with one individual then onto the next. For instance, some view a glass to be half full while others guarantee that the glass is half vacant. For us to appropriately pick up information, we should in this way come out of the restriction of our detects and apply careful or philosophical speculation into issues. Socrates was a devoted inquirer who addressed everything and it is because of this reality that he was condemned to death. One of his curious meetings happened when he interrogated Euthyphro concerning heavenliness. Euthyphro needs to arraign his dad for the homicide of his hireling. He accepts that, not at all like other men he is heavenly and ought to arraign his dad as he trusts it is the proper activity according to the divine beings and he is unperturbed by the kickback he would get from his

Young People and Sexual Ethics

Question: Examine about the Young People and Sexual Ethics. Answer: Presentation: Youth can be characterized as green and serving of mixed greens long periods of life .It is season of life when one is youthful. It is characterized as age explicit among youth and adulthood. The most loved time of life is likewise one of the most testing time. It is the point at which one needs to settle on significant choices of life. Simultaneously it is the stage which can be upsetting and groundbreaking stage. It has been seen that satisfactory percent of youth are pick wrong way throughout everyday life. The explanation behind doing so is obliviousness and misconception of various perspectives around them. One of the serious issues looked by todays youth is to manage sexuality. Consequently this delightful and vigorous period of life needs to fare thee well. Sexual morals seeks after to know the ethical lead of relational relationship. It further spotlight on sexual exercises from social and good direct .Studies have demonstrated that sexual morals is one of the significant training educated to youngsters. Instructing youngsters has the possible commitment to the counteraction of sexual brutality. A moral way to deal with sex is required at present time. Youngsters need to comprehend the more extensive association among relationship and changes with time. This can happen just when youth are demise with proficient demeanor. The connection between youngsters and sexuality is an expansive report. The sexuality has been considered widely.Human sexual conduct is various and not quite the same as other living being. It is confounded simultaneously. It must be seen with organic and mental edge. It is connected to social and emotional well-being. A significant motivation to consider human sexuality is that it is a wellspring of inspiration. Sexual inspiration influences towards human conduct. Investigation of human sexuality without tending to natural imminent is absurd, as human conduct is driven both organically and socially.Hormones might be seen as one of the major main impetuses of sexual conduct. In the course of recent years, there has been a lot of research inspecting the different jobs that hormones play in the sexual conduct of people. Hormones are delivered by the gonads (i.e., testicles and ovaries), the adrenal cortex, the pituitary organ, and the nerve center. They exist in various focuses, nonet heless, inside guys and females (Molina 1999). Human sexuality is an exceptionally multifaceted action which need to manage significant consideration. Youngsters get abundant of data about sexuality and sex on regular schedule. We accepted that a profound and quality educational plan based sexuality instruction will assist youthful grown-ups with growing into capable residents. Albeit the vast majority of the instructive projects and arrangements are actualized in schools and universities yet the nature of the bestowed training is frail. Research work done in the field of youth and sexual ethic has find that with the coming of new way to deal with bargain and teach youth about sexual morals is viable (Sidbe) There has been a solid worldwide promise to advancing the arrangement of extensive sexual instruction. Sexual ethic in a general public will come distinctly with far reaching sexual training. Different sexual related social and strict restrictions has made an opposition in execute of sexual training program. As expressed in an investigation, the prevailing sexual ethic conveyed to young people in the United States mirrors a demonstration focused remedy: restraint just until-marriage. Youth are being told simply don't do it without being allowed the chance to talk about the positive implications of sexuality, the qualities of solid connections, or the joy got from sexual behaviours.(Kate 2007). The dynamic mentality and new research work is required. Bunches of issues and opposition are made by various attitude over the globe. National magazine under took an examination for the need of instruction in the field of sexuality and conduct changes and saw that there is time of twisting change in sexual mentality. Instructing individuals, changing conduct about sex training, withdrawing shame from the conversation of sex related talks are in progress of usage. A significant issue is that when a kid is developed first at home guardians can't convey their contemplations about sex appropriately. In certain societies it is no-no to discuss sex .They might need to talk and impart but since they are not taught appropriately in the field causes issues in making mindfulness. Further when a youngster enters to the world loaded up with simple available data there are more noteworthy possibility of getting trapped in a snare of data which wind up deceiving the youthful cerebrums. Instructing youthful psyche and kids is just way out for making a general public explicitly moral. Schools and instructors are essential source to make a general public moral. To give a ground-breaking usage, a nation need to show signs of improvement approach making and viable laws. Studies have suggested the consideration of youngsters on panel, audit board and diverse arrangement making gathering. This would help officials for better result.(Albury , Crawford, Methews 2013).If powerful work will be done at grass root t level, there is promise for taught society which bargains sexual subject as it ought to be managed. References: Molina.L, 1999, Human Sexuality, Springs. Sidibe.M, Youth and Comprehensive Sexuality Education. Katte.M.ott, 2007, Re thinking Adolescent Sexual Ethics, volume 2 Issue 2 Albury,k, Crawford, k,Byron,P, and Mathews,B.(2013, April 12). Youngsters and sexting in Australia:Ethics, portrayal and the law.

How to Run a Business Paper Writing Service?

How to Run a Business Paper Writing Service?The purpose of running a business paper writing service is to take advantage of the current situation, while providing an important function for you. By running a business paper writing service, it will enable you to realize the highest quality output for your client.Business paper writing is important because this is a necessary service that will enable you to expand your business in a large scope. In order to be successful in your business, you need to provide a good paper for your clients. Writing a good paper is not easy, so you need to get help from a business paper writing service.It is true that by running a business paper writing service, you can easily become rich and successful. However, if you will really want to succeed in your business, you need to give more effort. Thus, it is important that you get the best kind of business paper writing services. To do this, you will need to search for some of the excellent businesses that c an help you.There are different types of business paper writing services. There are the non-profit companies, government agencies, and commercial firms. This will depend on your business, therefore you need to choose the best one according to your needs. Some of the non-profit paper writing services are intended to help the community and bring back the respect of the people towards the government.On the other hand, government agencies and non-profit organizations will focus on providing services to the public and they will also provide a broad range of papers. Meanwhile, you can hire for the commercial firm. There are many paper writing services that offer you the opportunity to hire the best papers for your company.You can choose the papers that will enable you to promote your company or you can choose the papers that will include information about the new products that are launched in the market. There are some of the non-profit organizations that concentrate on promoting the comm unity in an effective way. However, there are some of the business paper writing services that focus on providing the best paper for your business.You should be aware that the papers that you are hiring for your business must be of the highest quality. If you will be hiring the papers for the first time, you need to ensure that they meet your needs. Therefore, you should consider several factors like the style of the paper, the importance of the paper, and the content.However, there are certain things that you need to consider when you are looking for a business paper writing service. First, you need to ensure that the papers will be of the highest quality. Also, you need to consider the prices and how much you will pay for a single paper.

Political And Social Upheavals Caused By War - 1533 Words

We have all seen or read about the political and social upheavals caused by war. Some may have even experienced it first-hand. Throughout history war has had negative psychological implications on those effected. However, there is no greater negative impact of war than the psychological and emotional turmoil that it causes individual soldiers. To narrow down the scope of these psychological effects, I have chosen to focus on the U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War during the period 1962 to 1973. The Vietnam War was, in my opinion, the first war that really allowed Americans to become aware of the psychological effects of war. While for many of us the Vietnam War has long been forgotten, our soldiers risked their lives in the jungles of South East Asia for a cause that made no sense politically, militarily and economically. They continue to relive the horrors of this war through flashbacks, nightmares and other symptoms. American soldiers either volunteered or got drafted to serve their country. While most wars are fought through conventional means, U.S. soldiers experience guerilla style warfare for the first time in Vietnam. The North Vietnamese Army used unconventional methods of fighting ranging from, ambushes and raids on the Americans. Vietnamese were able to carry out these tactics because they were able to build underground tunnels to shield their soldiers from the Americans and allow surprise attacks on U.S. soldiers in the Viet Cong jungles. â€Å"FromShow MoreRelatedWitch Hunts of the Early Modern Period as the Result of Religious and Social Upheaval1075 Words   |  5 PagesPeriod as the Result of Religious and Social Upheaval The Early Modern Period was a time of great change in and around Europe. The people of the age were faced with upheaval of all forms; religious, social, political and even economical. Religious upheaval stemmed from changes in religious views and practises. The Reformation was a hugely significant event that took place in the years spanning 1520-1650. It was a religious, and political, movement in Europe that began asRead MorePolitical Differences Between Russo And China1588 Words   |  7 Pagesof communist political system came to an end, which creates the modern Russia Federation, a country that still persists in authoritarianism but applies democratic political system and constitution. The latter, after experience multiple destructive invasions and humiliating diplomatic fiascos, the oldest orient country finally gained the victory and ended up as a relatively resilient communist regime. Both two countries started to be ruled by communist party, endure different political transitionsRead MoreEssay on World War I: The Primary Cause of the Russian Revolution1111 Words   |  5 PagesRussias overthrows and shortage caused revolutionary upheaval and massive inflation, which led to deprived infrastructure. During World War I, Russian society naturally caused great dissatisfaction among the serfs. As the revolution wore on, numerous reform and Tsar Ni cholas II, a ruler, tried to change Russias social structure and government. Among the masses, there was discontentment with Russias social system and living conditions. Laborers worked and lived in horrendous conditions, which playedRead MoreThe Between Russia And The Russian Revolution1678 Words   |  7 Pages After years of violent wars in which Russia was almost always defeated, the climax of tension within the Russian state came to a peak in the year 1917. The series of wars came at the price of great discontent from the Russian citizens as the country s economy and government began to drastically suffer. The wars, plus a coexisting population boom, was too much stress on the agricultural land available to the lower class for their farming, and many people began starving. The rise of the bourgeoisieRead MorePolitical Change : The American And French Revolutions And The Civil Rights Movement968 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical change is when there is a change in leadership or a change in policy of a government due to a significant disruption such as a social movement or revolution. If the citizens of a country feel that they are being treated unjustly by their rulers, and the rulers think that their ways of governing are satisfactory then a discord is struck and conflict arises between them (Study blue). The main causes of this discord are mostly social issues such as hunger, racism, climate change etc. and/orRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Europe945 Words   |  4 Pagesfoundations of societies across the expanse of the continent. Furthermore, these revolutions occurred in many different spheres of daily life. For instance, some revolutions featured prolonged periods of violent political upheaval while others featured a more subtle revolution, changing the very social fabric of Europe. In addition, some revolutions centered on economic change while still others concentrated on class struggle. In truth, the causes and effects of Europe’s many r evolutions throughout timeRead MoreThe Black Death Changed Our History1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe Black Death changed the course of history through several forms of upheaval. The effects of the Black Death were multifarious and nuanced. However, it is possible to examine a few aspects of the changes it wrought and by so doing, acquire a greater understanding for the way it changed history as a whole. The dimensions of the change covered herein will include demographic shift, revolts of the people, and social upheaval. The demographic change occured as a direct result of the massive amountRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was an influential period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship by Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, theRead MoreCollapse of the Weimar Republic and the Rise of the Nazis Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pagestreaty, also known as the treaty of Versailles, was signed, ending the First World War. The treaty had a humiliating effect causing great resentment. Germany had no choice but to accept the terms of the treaty, which later had a considerable impact on the countries running. The negotiations for this treaty took six months, at the Paris peace conference. Germany was forced to accept all responsibility for causing the war, making substantial territorial concessions along with disarming, which reducedRead More Lyrical Ballads Captures The Hour of Feeling Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pages Lyrical Ballads were written in a time of great change. They were dominated by the French Revolution and both Words worth and Coleridge felt great impact from this. There was disruption all over with the American War of Independence and other wars worldwide. Britain itself was changing rapidly due to colonial expansion, which brought new wealth, ideas and fashion, and there was much disturbance to both the people and the land with the act of enclosure, which may have meant more effective farming

Analysis Of Taarezameen Par From Bellwood, It Is A Good Movie

TaareZameen Par ? Life starts on earth Western Governors University Dhaval P. Makadia TaareZameen Par ? Life Starts on Earth There are many types of movies like Comedy, Thriller and action. Also those movies sometime make you feel happy or sad. But today I like to talk about the movie that make you think. This is the topic about some special child or people who always want someone to understand them. We have one Hindi movie TaareZameen Par from Bellwood, it is a good movie because it raised awareness for kids going through dyslexia and how they are treated, and it also shows what a child feels like when he or she is going through dyslexia. To begin with, this is a movie about Child suffer with dyslexia a mental health disorder, also movie bring attention and close discussion to people, parents and school boards. This movie produced and directed by Aamire khan he is one of well actors in Bollywood. The idea be hide making this movie was that bring more attention to the people about child suffering from dyslexia and make them understand that are not just lazy or they don?t like study but they h ave a mental disorder and they need extra attention and loving care. This movie brings close attention not only to people bet it?s brought attention to the Indian schooling board as well. The school board has decided that students suffering to dyslexia or any other mental health disorder, they need extra care and provided extra classes. Also school board

St. Augustine s Theory Of Evil - 899 Words

Saint Augustine struggled with the concept of evil in the natural world while simultaneously converting to Christianity, much to his mother’s delight. Augustine began by looking for sound arguments against the Manichean school of thought, which he prescribed to for a short while himself. The Neo-Platonic philosophy eventually showed him the intellectual way toward this goal when Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, began to apply this philosophical viewpoint to Christianity. In the end, Augustine created a completely new Christian view of evil, a view that inspired theologians for centuries to come. To begin, Manichean thought saw evil as a substance. A Manichean believed in the duality of substances in the world. In other words, evil was a substance equal yet opposite to the substance of good. While Augustine originally agreed with this school of thought, he eventually found this philosophy to be inept in its explanations of the world. â€Å"But it was principally the idea of the two masses of good and evil that held me fast and stifled me, for I was unable to conceive of any but material realities.† This left the door open for Augustine to find inspiration from different sources. Neo-Platonism enters the scene as one of his mother’s religious heroes, St. Ambrose, explains a new interpretation of Christian scripture. This new philosophical thought understood everything in the natural world to stem from â€Å"The One†, or a single source also referred to as â€Å"The Good†. As AugustineShow MoreRelatedAugustine : A Journey Of Conversion1043 Words   |  5 PagesCaroline Casey Dr. Butera Development of Western Civilization 2 December 2014 Augustine: A Journey of Conversion Before submitting himself to God, Augustine lived a life controlled by various sinful tendencies such as theft and lust. Surrounded by strong believers of Catholicism, such as his mother, St. Monica, Augustine grew up questioning Christ and the faith and rather explored other religions. Two religions that Augustine devoted himself to were Manichaeism and Neoplatonism. While both religionsRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 Pageschoice topic. The seven philosophers are as follows: (1) Socrates, (2) Plato, (3) Aristotle, (4) Francis Bacon, (5) St. Augustine, (6) Thomas Aquinas, and (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to relate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideas. St. Augustine s epistemology is rationalization. In his argument for the existence of God, he is referring to varying degrees ofRead MoreQuestions For A Philosopher On The Real World1505 Words   |  7 Pages According to Augustine there are two essential questions for a philosopher examining the real world. The first question has to do with the human soul, in which we would concentrate on examining the self. And the second question has to do with God, which helps us better understand our existence. We become more capable of a happy life by getting to better know ourselves. However, the only way we can become truly happy is by getting to know who God is. By knowing both your self and by knowing who GodRead MoreWitchcraft And Superstition In Medieval Europe1654 Words   |  7 Pagessurrounding magic, the first acknowledged magic as a reality, where there were many laws instituting penalties for those who used magic to harm others. The second is commonly known as the Christian tradition, stemming from Christian theologian St. Christian Augustine. The theological idea was that individuals excluding God do not possess the ability to manipulate reality. Meanwhile, many became superstitious of the fear of the unknown and used superstitions as a way of explaining why and how these mysteriousRead MoreThe Sin Of The Original Sin961 Words   |  4 Pagesunrighteousness† (1 John 1:9 King James Version). It is important to keep in mind that no human being is perfect, only God is perfect. In this essay, readers will get the opportunity to learn about the Original Sin and Yetzer Harah and how these two theories cannot be reconciled. What is the Original Sin? According to Harent (1911), the â€Å"original sin may be taken to mean: (1) the sin that Adam committed; (2) a consequence of this first sin, the hereditary stain with which we are born on account ofRead MoreReasons For St Augustine s Conversion2016 Words   |  9 Pageswith spirit. St Augustine Biography Info Augustine of Hippo was born on November 13, in AD 354, in Thagaste (modern day Souk Ahras, Algeria), and died on August 28, in AD 430, in modern-day Annaba, Algeria (then known as Hippo Regius). It was in the latter city where he was named Bishop 35 years prior to his death. It is a challenge to encapsulate renowned personalities, and with St. Augustine, this task is even more difficult (Augustine of Hippo). A theologian and philosopher, Augustine dithered betweenRead MoreThe Sin As A Crime And Sickness2259 Words   |  10 Pagesdefilement against God and Humanity (Taylor 54-57). In addition to the sin as a sickness or crime theories, some religious scholars say each theory should be used but both are never used in the same church (Taylor, 57-59). Although I agree that churches should include both sin as a crime and sickness, I don’t think both methods for explaining sin are used equally in churches. In fact, I think the sin as a crime theory is used more often than sin as a sickness. Accordingly, sin as a sickness ought to be emphasizedRead MoreThe Foundations Of Rationalism By Plato1762 Words   |  8 PagesPlato, such of the theory of the forms, demonstrates reason as a building block for knowledge. The enlightenment saw thinkers daring to know (Kant 1784), even in instances where reasoning subverted faith, and continued as seen in the publication of Darwinian theories. Faith remains an enemy of reason when its findings are misheld as knowledge. It is incorrect to state that faith is one of the world’s greatest evils, because the use of reason Plato’s dialogues proposes theories that since have beenRead MoreLeibniz and the Problem of Evil3712 Words   |  15 PagesTHE PROBLEM OF EVIL BY OKOJIE E. PETER epo4escriva@yahoo.com MAY 2013 INTRODUCTION For many centuries, philosophers have been discussing evil, how it exists in the world, and how this relates to God. The discussion on evil and its relations to us is not an easy one though. It is commonly called the problem of evil. The problem of evil in contemporary philosophy is generally regarded as an argument for atheism. The atheist contends that God and evil are incompatible, and given that evil clearly existsRead MoreBeyond the Problem of Evil Essay6495 Words   |  26 PagesBeyond the Problem of Evil Introduction: The problem of evil is, in my opinion, the best point of departure for a fruitful dialogue between Christianity, traditionally conceived, and those strands of modern philosophy which have been perceived--indeed, have sometimes perceived themselves--as a threat to that tradition. As such, I will attempt first, to outline the problem of evil in the starkest terms possible, presenting Augustines approach to its solution followed by a critical analysis;

Material Culture and Consumer Society †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Material Culture and Consumer Society. Answer: Introduction: Is this the curse of modernity, to live in a world without judgment, without perspective, no context for understanding or distinguishing what is real and what is imagined, what is manipulated and what is by chance beautiful, what is shadow and what is flesh? The above quoted lines of Terry Tempest Williams clearly outline the nature of the modern society. It is to be noted that the society forms an important aspect of the life of an individual and it also had a marked impact on the views as well as the thinking pattern of the individuals (Rosenberg, 2015). Therefore, it would not to be too far-fetched to say that the character as well as the personality of an individual is the reflection or mirror image of the society in which he or she has been brought up (Graves-Brown, Jones Gamble, 2013). In the opinion of Thomas Grey articulated in the book The Picture of Dorian Grey, the costume of the nineteenth century is detestable. It is so sombre, so depressing. Sin is the only real colour-element left in modern life. It is to be noted that although he meant that line in the specific context of the nineteenth century society but that line still holds true in the context of the present day society as well. I would like to mention here that I am an international student in Australia and was brought up in a completely different cultural as well as social background. Therefore, the cultural as well as the social environment which I found here are not in synchronization with the cultural and the social environment which I experienced in native country. Some of the cultural as well as social practices which I found here in the country of Australia like same-sex marriage, the support of the LGBT management, the divorce system, live-in relationships were concepts heard by me only in books and movies. Therefore, I am not very open to these ideas and my own cultural as well as social upbringing prohibited me from accepting them. Cultural background forms an important aspect of the social identity of an individual (Ryan, 2014). It is often seen that the culture which has been taught to a person in his or her early childhood leave a lasting impression on him or her (Graves-Brown, Jones Gamble, 2013). I would like to comment here that I was brought up in the conservative cultural background of the country of Bangladesh. I was brought according to the stringent precepts of the culture of Muslim society. I would also like to add here that since I had my upbringing in Bangladesh which is a third world country, many of the things that I see around myself in the country of Australia are completely new to me. Initially, I was very amazed to see these cultural differences around myself. However, as I spent some time in this particular country I became accustomed to the cultural traditions of Australia. I would like to add that I even for schooling I attended a boys school and the rules in my culture were so stringent that we were not even encouraged to interact with unmarried girls without the presence of the elders. Therefore, the culture of the Australia where the people from different sexes openly interacted with each other without the presence of the elders and the same house without marriage was very different from the Islamic culture (Biesterfeldt et al., 2012). Religion is another social factor which plays a significant role in the social identity of an individual (Ryan, 2014). I was brought up according to the precepts of the Islamic which my parents followed. I would like to add here that the Islamic religion had a profound impact on me so that I started to judge the rightness or the wrongness of any action solely on the basis of the precepts of Islam. Therefore, the religious traditions of the country of Australia were completely alien to me especially their traditions like divorce system, the consumption of different kinds of red meats, consumption of alcohol and various others (Staniforth, 2012). According to Cage J. Madison in the book Alpha360: Book 1: An Evolutional Journey for the Modern Man, Modern society has sent men on a quest that is perhaps an inquiry just as thought-provoking as the popular question: what is the meaning of life. The question thrown at men by the society is one which many men struggle to answer, and that ques tion is: What does it mean to be a man?. Therefore, the modern generation tries to live their life as per the way which provides them with the maximum amount of joy or pleasure in the name of finding the answer to the question of the true meaning of life (Rosenberg, 2015). The same sex marriage and other customs followed by the people of Australia and other modern nations of the world find its support in the lines of authors like C. JoyBell like Life is too short to waste any amount of time on wondering what other people think about you. In the first place, if they had better things going on in their lives, they wouldn't have the time to sit around and talk about you. What's important to me is not others' opinions of me, but what's important to me is my opinion of myself. The primary tradition of the Australian culture which was completely alien to me and with which I had a hard time was the concept of same sex marriage. I would like to add here that in my own motherland and the religion which I followed marriage was a very sacred thing and one of the precept of this included an emotion as well as a physical bond between two people belonging to opposite sexes (Biesterfeldt et al., 2012). However here in the nation of Australia I found that the people of the same sex were attracted to each other and even the governmental authorities supported this particular choice of the individuals by granting them marriage as well as union rights. This system is something which is totally alien to me. I was really amazed to find that even the government supported this life style of the people in name of promotion liberty and the fundamental rights of the people. According to C. JoyBell, The unhappiest people in this world, are those who care the most about what othe r people think. Therefore, the people in the country of Australia do not care about the opinion of others and live their life as per the style which suits them the best and provides them the most amount of pleasure (Staniforth, 2012). However, in the opinion of Christopher Buehlman articulated in the book Modern life makes so many of us strangely empty. Therefore, from the above discussion it becomes clear society had a major impact on the growth as well as the development of the character as well as personality of an individual. The role played by cultural background as well as religion is also very significant to note and in my case it has a lasting impression. The various social organizations also play a significant role for an individual. It is to be noted that the various customs of the Australian nation were totally different were totally different from the ones followed in my own motherland of Bangladesh. Therefore, I had to make certain adjustments in my attitude as well as my opinion and the way I used to see the world around myself. References Biesterfeldt, H. H., Kreutz, M., Wild, S., Kemper, M., Schbler, B., Wrsch, R. (2012).Humanism and Muslim culture: historical heritage and contemporary challenges(Vol. 2). Vandenhoeck Ruprecht. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=Qgft3srnT8ECoi=fndpg=PA3dq=muslim+cultureots=REfqGzIAHasig=G6lWRbC7eRlNrNKeMjDa31uap6Y#v=onepageq=muslim%20culturef=false Graves-Brown, P., Jones, S., Gamble, C. S. (Eds.). (2013).Cultural identity and archaeology: the construction of European communities. Routledge. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=NeLrFgg2PaQCoi=fndpg=PR10dq=cultural+background+and+identityots=WiWsAruK4Csig=bTat_zwZ-5c8RINBT2hc_Drsa2Y#v=onepageq=cultural%20background%20and%20identityf=false Rosenberg, M. (2015).Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton university press. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=YR3WCgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=societyots=rLX-H6aGUXsig=51ASepIhZblXRkOg5LYJ3ImsQzY#v=onepageq=societyf=false Ryan, L. (2014). Islam does not change: young people narrating negotiations of religion and identity management.Journal of Youth Studies,17(4), 446-460. doi/abs/10.1080/13676261.2013.834315 Saltzman, E. B. (2015). The Picture and Dorian Gray.Drawn from the Classics: Essays on Graphic Adaptations of Literary Works, 177. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=zWBiCQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA177dq=The+Picture+of+Dorian+Greyots=vFUFgug1nksig=QPjBybQ2d8rtFJuzAV8BdsxuUE4#v=onepageqf=false Staniforth, M. (2012).Material culture and consumer society: dependent colonies in colonial Australia. Springer Science Business Media. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=5pp3BQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT14dq=culture+of+australiaots=Q1R8HUtPj1sig=8I2Zz-rZ838KdAB5CkLgbmjVdlo#v=onepageq=culture%20of%20australiaf=fals

President Reagan free essay sample

Social Darwinism Shaping Reaganomics Ronald Reagan made many economic decisions that supported his beliefs in Social Darwinism throughout his presidency. Social Darwinism is considered to be the ideas of struggle for existence and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"survival of the fittest,† a term coined by Herbert Spencer in order  to justify social policies. Over time the individuals with superior biological characteristics will dominate populations that this super species possessed. Couples who possessed these special qualities would then pass them down to their offspring, creating an elite generation in the modern world. Dominic Sandbrook the author of Mad as Hell, The Crisis of the 1970s and the Rise of the Populist Right, discusses president Reagan’s policies that were influenced by Social Darwinism beliefs with the assumption that conflict between groups in society leads to social progress. During his Presidency, Reagan was faced with many foreign matters, such as the ending of the  Cold War, the  1986 bombing of Libya, and the shock of the  Iran-Contra affair. We will write a custom essay sample on President Reagan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He publicly described the Soviet Union as an evil empire† and supported anti-communist movements worldwide while spending his first term forgoing the strategy of  detente,  by ordering a massive military buildup in an  arms race  with the USSR. Under a policy that came to be known as the  Reagan Doctrine, Reagan and his administration also provided overt and covert aid to  anti-communist  resistance movements  in an effort to rollback Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Reagan recognized the change of the Soviet leadership with  Mikhail Gorbachev, and shifted to diplomacy, with a view to encourage the Soviet leader to pursue substantial arms agreements. Reagans personal mission was to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons, which he regarded as totally irrational, totally inhumane, good for nothing but killing, possibly destructive of life on earth and civilization. † Reagan negotiated with  Soviet General Secretary  Mikhail Gorbachev, then signing the  Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty  which  eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons. Reagan implemented policies based on  supply-side economics  and advocated a  classical liberal  and  laissez-faire  philosophy, seeking to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board  tax cuts. Reagan’s outlook on economics was what he and the public called â€Å"Reaganomics†. â€Å"The blueprint for â€Å"Reaganomics,† was a sketched out suppl y-side approach to the economic, including massive cuts in income taxes, capital gains taxes, and corporate taxes,†(340). His platform advocated reducing tax rates to spur economic growth, controlling the money supply to reduce inflation, deregulation of the economy, and reducing government spending. Reagans policies proposed that economic growth would occur when marginal tax rates were low enough to spur investment, which would then lead to increased economic growth, higher employment, and wages. Reagan’s beliefs on cutting taxes were supported by ideas of William Sumner who believed that the best equipped to win the struggle for existence was the American businessman, and concluded that taxes and regulations serve as dangers to his survival. Reagan believed strong nations were composed of people who were successful at expanding their empires and these strong nations would survive in the struggle for dominance. Following his less-government intervention views, Reagan cut the budgets of non-military programs  including  Medicaid,  food stamps, and federal education programs. Many Americans questioned whether Reagans policies benefited the wealthy more than those living in poverty and many poor minority citizens viewed Reagan unsympathetic to their struggles. â€Å"He increased spending on state universities and student grants; he approved stricter regulations for home insurance, real estate, retailing, doctors, dentists,†(187). When he increased the stricter regulations on other policies he was insuring that the rich would be better off from the programs he implemented. Further, many conservatives thought the poor should have to provide for themselves and not be given any financial support from the government. Elitists supported Reagan’s policies, believing that it is not the government’s obligation to provide assistance to people who are unequipped or under-equipped to compete for resources. They believed this would lead the country to where the weak and inferior are encouraged to breed more like themselves, eventually dragging the country down. Social evolution was based on the ideologies of individual competition, and those who believed in this theory also believed that the government existed for two purposes. One was to protect the individual and his property from foreign threat and the other was to protect the individual and his property from criminals. Reagan believed that the country’s problems could not be solved by more interference from the government stating that, In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problems; government is the problem. Reagan practiced a pragmatic conservatism that balanced ideology and the constraints of politics, restored America’s pride and morale and contributed to victory in the Cold War.

Social Media †Facebook

Social Media – Facebook Facebook is among the most popular social media networking sites in today’s times. Facebook is highly popular due to its multiple applications and ease of communication it offers to the user. It allows users to share pictures, events and statuses in a single platform.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media – Facebook specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Facebook has a number of benefits such as the ability to form groups, chat with friends and find information on multiple topics. Facebook is also highly informative due to the multiple pages on a host of topics including but not limited to health, education, science, exercise etc. It is also an ideal communication platform for relatives, friends and members of family who can stay connected to a single platform. More recently, mobile companies have enabled users to connect to Facebook through their phones. Mobile phone technology such as GPRS now allows users to access Facebook from any location. This feature has made Facebook extremely popular among today’s generation. Staying connected has never been so simple and effective than it is on Facebook. Talking to friends and relatives or family members is now possible with a single Facebook account which is a perfect platform to chat and communicate. A more recent addition to the online chat program is the video calling feature which has gained immense popularity. Not only can one talk to people but also see them live with the help of this video chat feature. Individuals no longer have to yearn to keep in touch with their friends and dear ones. A single Facebook account enables users to achieve several functions all at once.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another very important feature of Facebook is the online gaming portal which it offers to its users. T here are hundreds of thousands of games on Facebook which one can play at any given time. The interesting aspect is the ability to play these games with friends. There are multiple games like Poker, Diamond Dash, Zuma, Farm Heroes Sage and others on Facebook. Playing these games is a unique and special experience since it allows users to interact with friends and engage in healthy competition. There are no additional costs and users can play games absolutely free of cost. Facebook is becoming a highly successful platform not only for making new friends and finding old ones, but for accessing global and local news as well. Most of the news and media companies have launched their Facebook pages. This feature has added the extra benefit to Facebook, making it educational and purposeful. Besides being a medium to interact and communicate, Facebook has become a marketing platform for many popular brands. Today, one can easily access all the famous global brands on Facebook. Several small time businesses have become successful on Facebook. People, who do not have the capital to open a store, have launched their products on Facebook, gaining financial success and recognition. One can buy practically anything on Facebook from shoes, bags, accessories, clothes, phones, laptops, electronic etc. Many of these online stores offer the facility to make online payments and deliver goods to the buyer’s home.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media – Facebook specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, through Facebook, people can engage in a host of activities such as playing games, interacting with friends, chatting, video conferencing, marketing, buying, selling and numerous others. Facebook is no longer only a social networking site to stay connected with friends and family. It has become a platform with online marketing options for the users. When used responsibly, Facebook is an excellent m edium for several purposes with extremely low cost and high benefits to the users.

Freedom writers Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Freedom writers - Movie Review Example one of the reasons why the class performed badly in school and even the faculty did not want to lend school to the class on the grounds that the books might get destroyed or might get lost (Berardinelli). Despite all the challenges Erin never gave up, at the course of 1992-1995, she had some extra work just so she could buy books for the students to use. However, the book was a small problem compared to the real issue that the class has. Students were dividing themselves according to race. The African Americans were excluding themselves from the rest of the group, as well as other races. And these factions even spark chaos from time to time. Once in a convenience store, April Lee Hernà ¡ndez playing Eva in the movie was coincidentally with a Cambodian refugee Sindy played by Jaclyn Ngan. Although they did not have much problem with the co-existence of one another, their boyfriends did. Sindy’s boyfriend got shot by Eva’s and the long dispute between the factions elevated to another level. Eva was not going to testify in the court that her boyfriend, a race of her own shot someone from another racial division. Justice was being delayed. When Erin heard of it, she thought it would be bet to intervene and let the children know about the bad things regarding racial segregation. She told them about the holocaust, on how because of the racial hatred of the Germans attempted to kill all the Jews – an act which the Germans almost succeeded. Erin told them that because of the Holocaust, more or less four million people died in a very short period of time. She eventually realized that she was starting to gain the sympathy of the children through her stories to them. Then Erin encouraged the students to make diaries of their own where they will write their fears, hatred, dreams and aspirations. Miep Gies, the one who sheltered the Ann Frank was invited by the class through their fundraising activity. Gies told them everything about the Holocaust that she knows of.

The scope and application of jus cogens Dissertation

The scope and application of jus cogens - Dissertation Example It is the objective of jus cogens and erga omnes to promote and preserve the common interests of nations to a much greater extent than the international law. These tenets constitute constitutional rules that describe the basic features of the international legal system. They are also quite influential in determining the manner, in which international law is developed, preserved and modified. In addition, these rules protect civil liberties and human rights that are central to the individuality of the international legal system. A norm is regarded as jus cogens upon being accepted by the countries of the world, in their entirety. However, this does not require unanimous acceptance. Importantly, a few subjects of international law, acting in isolation or in association with other subjects, do not result in jus cogens; nor can they veto a decision of the majority of nations. This research work proves that the principle of jus cogens is procedurally ineffective with respect to the international norms prohibiting torture. The best way to address this issue is for the ICJ to become more proactive and clarify, via its rulings, the inherent ambiguity. In addition, a convention should be framed that implements the peremptory norms in a consistent manner. Jus Cogens Introduction Jus cogens or peremptory norms are uniquely situated in the hierarchy of international law. These norms have a binding effect upon every nation, which is a major difference between them and conventional treaty and international laws. In addition, this binding effect is independent of the willingness of a nation to be bound by these norms.1 As such, Jus cogens can be regarded as a body of rules, when certain fundamental universal principles that have a binding effect upon all the States are created. In addition, these rules should prove to be crucially important for the entire international community. As there is no established international legislative power, implementing competent international peremptory norms has its own peculia r necessity.2 Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, enabled State Parties to implement the concept of jus cogens in positive international law; initiating the utilisation of this notion. Specifically, jus cogens safeguards overriding interests and values of the comity of nations, and averts their deterioration and selective modification. 3 Jus cogens, in the contemporary milieu, finds general acceptance by State practice, as a rule of the traditional international law. This research work comprises of five sections. The first of these relates to the historical development of jus cogens. The second section describes the methods for identifying

Counselling and Psychotherapy Essay Example for Free

Counselling and Psychotherapy Essay Carl Ransom Rogers (1902 – 1987) was amongst the most influential figures of humanistic psychology, a school of psychotherapy that rejected medical and psychoanalytic models of treatment, and instead put forth a theory of personality and behaviour that presumed the source of psychological health ultimately resides in the individual person rather than in a programme based on the expert knowledge and authority of a psychiatric professional. Rogers’ specific form of humanistic psychology is broadly based on his view of human personality, which he believed naturally tended to develop in what he considered a healthy manner unless it is adversely influenced by life-experiences. From this theoretical basis, Rogers created a form of therapy that he called ‘client-centred’, (or person-centred) as opposed to forms of treatment that are directed by the expertise of the therapist. In the field of Counselling and Psychotherapy there are many differing theories which are used to help those who seek counselling, including client-centred therapy. In many parts of the world client-centred therapy is seen as a family of therapies, including Experiential Psychotherapy and Focusing. Closely associated with client-centred therapy are existential therapy and various integrative approaches. Since Carl Rogers’ death, there has been much debate regarding what can and cannot rightly claim to be called ‘client-centred therapy.’ Proponents of the differing ‘Tribes’ argue for their schools of thought. (Warner 2006). At the heart of all the differing thoughts and modes of delivery are the six conditions for therapeutic change which Rogers described as being needed before a client could move towards the changes that they wanted to make in their lives. Carl Rogers, along with Abraham Maslow, was the founder of the humanist approach to clinical psychology. Maslow was known as the ‘Third Force in Psychology’ but is mainly known for his thoughts on self- actualization. Prior to Maslow it was thought that human behaviour was just a set of behaviours to satiate the drive for deficits. For example the ‘lack of nutrients feel hungry seek food and eat’ model. Maslow proposed a wide range of human needs in a dynamic and changing system, where needs at higher levels would only be addressed when needs at lower levels had been satisfied (see Fig 1): Rogers person-centred theory emphasised the concept of ‘self-actualization’ which implies that there is an internal, biological force to develop ones capacities and talents to the fullest. The human organism’s central motivation is to learn and to grow. Growth occurs when individuals confront problems, strive to master them and, through experience, endeavour to develop new aspects of their skills, capacities, and views about life, and move forward towards the goal of self-actualization. By way of example, Rogers (1980) often illustrated the concept with reference to organisms in the natural world. He wrote about a potato in the root cellar of his boyhood home: â€Å"The actualizing tendency can, of course, be thwarted or warped, but it cannot be destroyed without destroying the organism. I remember that in my boyhood home, the bin in which we stored our winter’s supply of potatoes was in the basement, several feet below a small window. The conditions were unfavourable, but the potatoes would begin to sprout pale white sprouts, so unlike the healthy green shoots they sent up when planted in the soil in the spring. But these sad, spindly sprouts would grow two or three feet in length as they reached toward the distant light of the window. The sprouts were, in their bizarre, futile growth, a sort of desperate expression of the directional tendency I have been describing. They would never become plants, never mature, never fulfill their real potential. But under the most adverse circumstances, they were striving to become. Life would not give up, even if it could not flourish.† So it can be seen that Rogers was saying that this effective and strong constructive tendency is the underlying basis of the client-centred approach. Rogers groundbreaking understanding was that for a person to be truly helped, the important healing factor is the relationship itself. His view of human behaviour is that it is exquisitely rational Rogers (1961). Furthermore, in his opinion: The core of mans nature is essentially positive Rogers (1961), and he is a trustworthy organism Rogers (1977). Rogers focused on ways in which the therapist could promote certain core conditions between him/herself and the client. Central to his theory was that the actualizing tendency was a natural process, yet in order for each human organism to do so it required the nurturing of a caregiver. Rogers understood that inherently people need people, and that we are fundamentally dependent on others for our being. Many critics of the theory have misunderstood Roger’s concepts and commented that this is outmoded today, and, according to Bohart (2007) the critics were saying that it â€Å"glorifies the individual at the expense of others†. Wilkins (2003) argued that Rogers’ concept of self-actualization is culturally biased, reflecting a Western cultural emphasis on the separate, autonomous individualistic self. However, Bohart states that Rogers’ concept of self as culture-specific is compatible with cultures which view the self in relational rather than individualistic terms, even cultures that have no concept of self. Self-actualization means enhancing or actualizing the self as the self is defined for that person and culture. Rogers did believe that the tendency of actualization of a person in therapy was to always go in a positive pro-social direction, but critics state that it may lead to self-centred, narcissistic behaviour (Bozarth and Brodley, 1991). Rogers recognised that environmental and social factors could inhibit or distort the process of actualization so that a negative rather than positive outcome may occur, but also that the fully functioning person is ‘soundly and realistically social’ (Rogers 1961). Rogers postulated that therapeutic movement will only occur if, and only if, the six conditions for therapeutic change were in place between the therapist and the client. 1. The first condition of client-centred therapy is that therapist and client should be in psychological contact. The first condition specifies that a minimum relationship must exist. Rogers (1957) stated: â€Å"I am hypothesizing that significant positive personality change does not occur except in a relationship†. (Sanders 2006) â€Å"The relationship is not seen as a third object in the room with the counsellor and the client, but is the client and the counsellor. They bring themselves into the room, and in doing so a unique and ever-changing relationship is the result.† Research into contact between animals and people who live in social groups has shown that in order to grow and become confident then it must be in a psychologically interactive way. Those who were deprived of such conditions, like the children in the orphanages of Romania and the monkeys in Harlow’s experiments, grew up with permanent behavioural and emotional problems. (Harlow 1959, Carlson 1999, Bowlby, 1953, Warner 2002). Rogers thought that psychological contact was an all-or-nothing, one-off event, but others like Rose Cameron (2003) and Whelton and Greenberg (2002) see psychological contact as a variable and dynamic quality in relationships, and Margaret Warner (2002:79) says that the â€Å"contact can be viewed as a continuum†. In my opinion, despite the differing views of the various ‘Tribes’, the one over-riding view is that psychological contact is essential if the therapeutic process is going to work. It can simply be the mere recognition of the other person in the room, or a deeply-shared experience between the therapist and the client. 2. Client incongruence, a state of being vulnerable and anxious, is presented as the second of the six conditions which Rogers defined as a ‘discrepancy between the actual experience of the organism and the self-picture of the individual’s experience insofar as it represents that experience’ (Rogers 1957), and which he saw as being necessary for therapy to be successful. Pearson (1974) thought that this condition had created some confusion, since the relationship between incongruence and felt anxiety or vulnerability is complex. All people are incongruent to some degree all of the time (since human beings can never fully symbolize their experience), and some sorts of incongruence may actually lower anxiety. Rogers’ concept of incongruence was simply saying that clients sense that they have underlying issues that have distorted their sense of equilibrium and therefore are motivated to seek counselling. I believe that this second condition affects how clients will respond to counselling because the change that needs to happen has to come from within the client and cannot happen against their will. For example, if someone is referred by a doctor, or school, or made to attend counselling with a spouse or parent, then the client will be in a state of incongruence and the first condition will not take place, without which there is no therapeutic relationship. 3. The third core condition is that the second person, the therapist, is congruent in the relationship. By congruent Rogers understood it to be real, genuine and transparent. As early as 1946 he wrote about the fact that the therapist should have a â€Å"genuine interest in the client†. Rogers makes it very clear in a video on the internet where he is talking about what it means to be congruent when he says: â€Å"Can I be real in the relationship; this has come to have an increasing amount of importance to me over the years. I feel that genuineness is another way of describing the quality I would like to have. I like the term congruence, by which I mean that what I am experiencing inside is present in my awareness and comes out though my communication. In a sense when I have this quality I am all in one piece in the relationship. There is another word that describes it for me; I feel that in the relationship I would like to have transparency. I would be quite willing for my client to see all the way through me and that there would be nothing hidden, and when I’m real in this fashion that I’m trying to describe, I know that my own feelings will often bubble up into awareness and will be expressed, but be expressed in ways that won’t impose themselves on my client.† (You Tube 2010). Despite Rogers’ insistence that being congruent with clients is of paramount importance, a number of studies over the years have shown that no significant relationship exists between levels of congruence and outcomes in the therapeutic relationship (Klein et al 2002, Orlinsky et al 2004, Burckell and Goldried 2006, Feifel and Eells, 1963). In contrast Cooper (2008) has suggested that this may be because it is a ‘high frequency’ event in therapy and therefore the correlation between genuineness and outcome are not truly recognised†. Without an empathetic response from the therapist I believe that the client would not feel valued or understood and the therapeutic relationship would break down. 4. In the development of self-concept Rogers also stated that the fourth condition unconditional positive regard the complete acceptance and support for a person no matter what they say or do is necessary for self-actualization. By showing unconditional positive regard, or prizing, clients are said to feel valued and so accepted and take responsibility for themselves (Rogers 1957:98). Conversely, I believe self-actualization is thwarted by conditional positive regard when acceptance is dependent on the positive or negative evaluation of a persons actions. Those raised in an environment of conditional positive regard, Rogers felt, only feel worthy if they match conditions laid down by others – conditions of worth which, in turn, can lead to shaping themselves determined not by their organismic valuing or actualizing tendency, but by a society that may or may not truly have their best interests at heart. 5. The fifth core concept states that the counsellor should experience an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference. Each of us perceives and responds to our environments as a unified and organised whole, and each forms their unique frame of reference. Our understanding of the world is shaped through our experiences, and each time these are interpreted on the basis of our personal value system. In order for a therapist to understand a clients behaviour it should be from the internal frame of reference of the client. Empathy is not just listening but trying to feel the experiences and feelings that the other person has at that moment in time. It involves stepping into their shoes and laying aside one’s own perceptions, values, perspectives and meanings as far as possible. If the therapist attempts to understand the client on the basis of his/her own personal experiences, this would be an external frame of reference. When the therapist remains within the clients frame of reference, which is his/her own understanding of the world, it enhances empathy and promotes unconditional positive regard. Holding an external frame of reference might convey to the client that the therapist has their own agenda or is criticising the client. The question is, would the therapeutic process take place if the counsellor did not enter the client’s world so personally? From the large number of studies that have been carried out in an attempt to measure client’s reaction to the therapist’s empathy, the evidence shows it to be a ‘demonstrably effective element of the therapeutic relationship’ (Steering Committee, 2002). 6. The sixth and final condition client perception is as important as all the others, and is complementary to the idea that the first condition psychological contact is continued. Rogers (1959:213) wrote: ‘that the client perceives, at least to a minimal degree, conditions 4 and 5 the unconditional positive regard of the therapist for the client and the empathetic understanding of the therapist’. To some degree client perception has been ignored over the years. Tudor in 2000 referred to it as â€Å"the lost condition†. Sanders (2004) states that â€Å"Carl Rogers made it clear that the client was the centre of the therapeutic process, and furthermore it was the client who had the final say as to whether the ‘therapist-provided conditions’ were actually provided (as opposed to being assumed by the therapist)†. Dagmar Pescitelli (1996) argues that the theory of client-centred therapy may not be effective for severe psychopathologies such as schizophrenia (deemed to have a strong biological component) or other disorders such as phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or even severe depression (currently effectively treated with drugs and cognitive behavioural therapy, or CBT). Pescitelli (1996) cites one meta-analysis of psychotherapy effectiveness that looked at 400 studies, and person-centred therapy was found least effective. In fact, it was no more effective than the placebo condition (Glass 1983; cited in Krebs Blackman, 1988). In contrast, meta-analyses of client-centred therapy as a whole support the theory that it is an efficacious and effective form of therapy, no matter what ‘Tribe’. It is similar to other orientations such as CBT and psychodynamic therapy, with evidence indicating that all schools may be efficacious for clients with depressive, traumatic, schizophrenic and health related problems, but there is less evidence on the impact of anxiety disorders (Elliott, Greenberg et al., 2004).

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

My heart wuz mos’ broke bekase you wuz los’,†(Pg. 85) was what Jim told Huckleberry when he found him again after they had been separated. This is a perfect example of how much Jim sincerely cares about Huck. Huck definitely has a very close and father-like relationship with the runaway slave, Jim. On the other hand, his real father, Pap, is less of a father figure to Huck than a runaway African American slave. Pap is very violent and abusive towards Huck. By looking at Huck’s relationships with Pap and Jim and how they are different and similar in some ways, Huck’s relationship with Pap, and Huck’s relationship with Jim the reader can see how they all relate. Although the relationships between Huck and Pap and Huck and Jim may seem extremely different, they are also quite similar in some ways. Both are father figures for Huck in a way. Although Huck is related to Pap through blood, Jim, who is a slave, cares more for Huck and is more nurturing than Pap is. â€Å"Come in, Huck, but doan’ look at his face - it’s too gashly.† (Pg. 50) Jim said this as he found the body of Huck’s father, Pap. This shows how Jim didn’t want Huck to be upset by knowing that his father is dead. Also, Huck is in danger staying with both of these people. With staying with Pap, Huck is in danger because of his father’s abusiveness. Jim and Pap are also alike because of the fact that both of these people don’t like their place in society. Pap wants to be wealthier and higher up in society, whereas Jim only wants to escape slavery and own himself. Pap is a very violent drunk. He lives on the outskirts of town, and goes into town only to get alcohol and become intoxicated. â€Å"I borrowed three dollars from Judge Thatcher, and pap took it and got drunk, and went a-blow-ing around and cussing and whooping and carrying on; and he kept it up all over town, with a tin pan, till most midnight; then they jailed him, and next day they had him before court, and jailed him again for a week.†, (Pg. 21). This shows further how Pap is a horrible role model for Huck and a drunk. One night, because of his drunken stupor, Pap tried to kill Huck and almost succeeded.

The Context of Social, Cultural and Consumer Behaviour – Article Review

Gordon A. Haaland Summary People often behave differently. And since these behaviours are not identical, they are construed to parallel constructs such as learning, attitudes, influence and reference groups. The author has presented certain levels of analysis that provide for the source for interpreting and recognising the theory of social, cultural and consumer behaviour. Social behaviour can be appropriately conceptualized through these varying levels of analysis, which at different points of time, have been suggested by several social theorists. The problems encountered at various levels of analysis, has been illustrated by taking the example of the author’s experience of living in Norway for a year. In addition, the experience of being considered a ‘cultural stereotype’ has also been illustrated through the same example. To investigate the causes of such cross-cultural behavioural patters existing in a society that is moving towards rapid industralisation such as Norway and to conduct a research on the changes in the patterns of the interpersonal behaviour, the author has offered 11 propositions in order to address these issues. These propositions are centered on the varying levels of analysis that was put forth to study the different constructs of social, cultural and consumer behaviour. And the propositions do present a context for the analysis with a special concern for the type of culture that is being taken into consideration. Review The article suggests the context for studying the theory and the rationale of social and consumer behaviour. In doing so, the author has identified certain constructs that are perceived to govern social and consumer behaviour. He further suggests levels of analysis that would provide for an understanding into the inter-disciplinary factors of cross-culture and culture-specific behaviour. When the author cites the reference made by Kuhn (1962) regarding ‘paradigm’, i. e. social sciences needs a paradigm like that of natural science, it holds true when all of social behaviour is abridged to a set of related phenomenon. In that context, the author’s contention that when social behaviour is assumed a unitary phenomenon, then any of the given disciplines (disciplines often followed by social and behavioural scientists) can be paradigmatic also holds good. Various concepts suggested by various theorists, for the levels of analysis have been given importance for the insinuations provided for understanding social behaviour. Triandis, Malpass and Davidson (1973) argument that behaviour is a function of a person’s abilities, subjective culture, personal dispositions, physical environment, social structure and so on, most of the variables as pointed out by the author are prevalent in a contemporary set up. Hansen (1972)* says that an individual is also driven by ‘perceived individuality and value importance’ which also help affect decision making. More often than not, the effect depends on the degree of positive and negative reward that was previously associated with the value. It can therefore, be assumed that these two variables can also be considered as behavioural constructs. The issue of ‘culture stereotyping’ has been brilliantly explained by the author, by taking the example of no other that his own. The cross-cultural references had been drawn from his own experiences of his stay in Norway for nearly one year. But considering the social, economic, cultural and demographic arrangement in Norway, the example of being treated as a culture stereotype limits the study of interpersonal behaviour and crossculture between the Norwegians and the Americans. Similar constructs for analysis in different geographic locations may not hold significance, as the behavioural patterns and culture-specific stereotypes may be different. The propositions set out by the author have been arrived at after the research that was carried out by him during his stay in Norway. Though hypothetical, these propositions are meant to cut down the levels of analysis into ‘singular set of statements’ that would present a view on the concept from a broader perspective. Most of the propositions mentioned by the author, concentrate on the idea of social and consumer behaviour within the confines of a set up. A set up such as a workplace, a group of people sharing similar attributes (by interlocking normative behaviour of people within an organisation) or people who belong to a culture that has evolved for centuries with little or less change. The author also talks about the existence of ‘meaningful boundaries’, wherein he assumes cohesiveness in a group as a system. Group cohesiveness, by and large, is determined by the attributes of persons forming that group and the interests they share among one another. Boundaries as the author has pointed out refers to the units measured being naturally related and not the place or structure. Taking into account Berrien’s (1968) inferences about boundaries, it should be considered that boundaries transcend beyond natural levels. Certain other propositions that pertain to ‘time and place’ define the necessity of studying culture across various generational as well as geographic differences. Studies which are limited to only one time and place would also result in a single time and place analysis. The idea to study multiple levels of analysis across cultures by remaining within the constructs of a particular level of analysis is apt. Cross-cultural phenomenon that explain similarities in cultures as ‘etic’ and dissimilarities as ‘emic’ proves the importance of digressing from various levels of time and place and study social behaviour by delineating conditions of interaction with time and place. The other propositions that deal with selection of methodology and design questions for the level of analysis and the use of multivariate analysis and preparation of theoretical statements for a particular level follow suit. Propositions seven, eight, nine and ten provide with the details at each level, thereby giving a meaningful insight into the levels of analysis. The author talks about there being no ‘apriori’ basis for selecting a level for social analysis centered on consumer behaviour. This can be considered a valid statement since consumer problems are diverse and assume proportions of complexities when encountered in different scenarios and culture set ups. The propositions as put forth by the author do provide an insight into the varying levels of complexities in social, cultural and consumer behaviour, but these propositions could fall vulnerable to deeper investigation into the context of social behaviour. All the views and opinions expressed by the author may pertain to a particular generation, but the relevance of these propositions remain to be the same. It is all a matter of time, so to say, when cross-cultural insinuations and study of social behavioural patterns across different cultures could indeed present revealing analysis of consumer behaviour.

Related With Substance Use Disorders - 1724 Words

Fourth and most interesting case, related with substance use disorders. DSM-5 perfectly explains it â€Å"In terms of a mal-adaptive pattern of behaviors that are related to the continued use of drugs, in spite of the fact that their use creates a set of significant problems for the person† (Oltmanns Emery, 2015, p263). Background Information In this case study our subject Mark, was born in a small town where the main source of income was the local power plant. His mother worked at a department store in a nearby town and his father performed night shifts at the plant. There is a history of alcohol abuse from Mark`s father although he regularly attended AA meetings. There is no recollection of Mark ever tried illicit drugs as a teenager.†¦show more content†¦There is an increased risk of Mark to develop a substance misuse due to the fact that there is a previous issue with his father â€Å"Several studies have examined social factors that predict substance use among adolescents, initial experimentation with drugs is most likely to occur among those individuals who are rebellious and extroverted and whose parents and peers model or encourage use (Oltmanns Emery, 2015, p303). This information might be confirmed by the fact that on his teenager years Mark used one week s worth of pain medication in 3 days when he had extensive dental work. The hardship of Mark with strong complications of dealing with classes in the local community college, and the always demanding job adding to the everyday parental activities will increase the already preexisting stress in Mark. Description of the presenting problem Mark has been taking classes in the EMT Program at his local community college. Although it has been challenging to juggle school, a demanding job, and parental responsibilities, he is close to finishing his degree, and at this time he starts to panic as he realizes he only has a day before his final exams. In one conversation with is coworker Mark is confronted with the possibility of using a specific drug which is normally used to